"And we know that all things work together for good to them that
love God."
HERE he seems to me to have mooted this whole topic with a view to
those who were in danger; or, rather, not this only, but also what was
said a little before this. For the words, "the sufferings of this
present
time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be
revealed in us;" and those, that "the whole creation
groaneth;" and
the saying, that "we are saved by hope;" and the phrase,
"we with
patience wait for;" and that, "we know not what we should pray
for
as we ought;" are all of them said to these.
For he instructs them
not
to choose just what they may think, themselves, to be useful, but
what the Spirit may suggest; for man), things that seem to one's self
profitable, do sometimes even cause much harm. Quiet, for instance,
and freedom from dangers, and living out of fear, seemed to be
advantageous for them. And what wonder if they did to them, since
to the blessed Paul himself this seemed to be so? still he came
afterwards to know that the opposite to all these are the things
advantageous, and when he came to know it, he was content. So he
that besought the Lord thrice to be freed from hazards, when once
he heard Him say, "My grace is sufficient for thee, for My Power is
perfected in weakness" (2 Cor. xii. 8, 9), was afterwards delighted
at
being persecuted, and insuited, and having irreparable ills done him.
For, "I glory," he says, "in persecutions, in insults"
(Eng. V.
reproaches), "in necessities." (2 Cor. xii. 10.) And this was
his reason
for saying, "For we know not what we should pray for as we
ought."
And he exhorted all men to give up these matters to the Spirit. For
the Holy Spirit is very mindful of us, and this is the will of God.
Having then cheered them by all methods, he proceeds to what we
have heard to-day, putting forward a reason strong enough to
reclaim them. For be says, "we know that all things work together
for
good to them that love God." Now when he speaks of "all
things," he
mentions even the things that seem painful. For should even
tribulation, or poverty, or imprisonment, or famines, or deaths, or
anything else whatsoever come upon us, God is able to change all
these things into the opposite. For this is quite an instance of His
unspeakable power, His making things seemingly painful to be
lightsome to us, and turning them into that which is helpful to us.
And so he does not say, that "them that love God," no
grievance
approacheth, but, that it "works together for good," that is
to say,
that He useth the grievous things themselves to make the persons
so plotted against approved. And this is a much greater thing than
hindering the approach of such grievances. or stopping them when
they have come.
And this is what He did even with the furnace at Babylon. For He did
not either prevent their falling into it, or extinguish the flame after
those saints were cast into it, but let it burn on, and made them by
this very flame greater objects of wonder, and with the Apostles too
He wrought other like wonders continually. (St. Mark xvi. 18.) For if
men who have learnt to he philosophic can use the things of nature
to the opposite of their intention, and appear even when living in
poverty in easier circumstances than the rich, and shine through
disgrace: much more will God work for those that love Him both
these and also greater things by far. For one needs only one thing, a
genuine love of Him, and all things follow that. As then things
seemingly harmful do good to these, so do even things profitable
harm those who love Him not. For instance, the exhibition of
miracles and wisdom in His teaching only injured the Jews, as did
the rightness of doctrine; and for the former they called Him a
possessed person (John viii. 48), for the other one that would be
equal to God (ib. v. 18): and because of the miracles (ib. xi. 47, 53),
they even went about to kill Him. But the thief when crucified, when
nailed to the Cross, and reviled, anti suffering ills unnumbered, not
only was not hurt, but even gained the greatest good therefrom. See
how for those who love God all things work together for good. After
mentioning then this great blessing, one which far exceeds man's
nature, since to many this seemed even past belief, he draws a proof
of it from past blessings, in these words, "to them who are called
according to His purpose." Now consider, he means, from the
calling, for instance, what I have just said. Why then did He not from
the first call all? or why not Paul himself as soon as the rest? Does it
not seem that the deferring was harmful? But it was still by the event
shown to be for the best.
The purpose he here mentions, however, that he might not ascribe
everything to the calling; since in this way both Greeks and Jews
would be sure to cavil.
For if the calling alone were sufficient, how came it that all were not
saved?
Hence he says, that it is not the calling alone, but the purpose of
those called too, that works the salvation. For the calling was not
forced upon them, nor compulsory. All then were called, but all did
not obey the call.
Ver. 29. "For whom He did foreknow, He also did predestinate to be
conformed to the Image of His Son."
See what superb honor! for what the Only-begotten was by Nature,
this they also have become by grace. And still he was not satisfied
with this calling of them conformed thereto, but even adds another
point, "that He might be the first-born." And even here he does
not
come to a pause, but again after this he proceeds to mention another
point, "Among many brethren." So wishing to use all means of
setting the relationship in a clear light. Now all these things you are
to take as said of the Incarnation. For according to the Godhead He
is Only-begotten. See, what great things He hath given unto us!
Doubt not then about the future. For he showeth even upon other
grounds His concern for us by saying, that things were fore-ordered
in this way from the beginning. For men have to derive from things
their conceptions about them, but to God these things have been
long determined upon, and from of old He bare good-will toward us
pros hmas diekeito, he says.
Ver. 30. "Moreover whom He did pre-destinate, them He also called;
and whom He called, them He also justified."
Now He justified them by the regeneration of the layer. "And whom
He justified, them He also glorified" by the gift, by the adoption.
Ver. 31. "What shall we then say to these things?"
As if he should say, Let me then hear no more about the dangers and
the malicious devices from every quarter. For even if some
disbelieve the things to come, still they have not a word to say
against the good things that have already taken place; as, for
instance, the friendship of God towards thee from the first, the
justifying, the glory. And yet these things He gave thee by means
seemingly distressing. And those things which you thought to be
disgracing, the Cross, scourges, bonds, these are what have set the
whole world aright. As then by what Himself suffered, though of
aspect forbidding in man's eye, even by these He effected the liberty
and salvation of the whole race; so also is He wont to do in regard to
those things which thou endurest, turning thy sufferings unto glory
and renown for thee. "If God be for us, who can be against
us?"
Why, it may be said, who is there that is not against us? Why the
world is against us, both kings and peoples, both relations and
countrymen. Yet these that be against us, so far are they from
thwarting us at all, that even without their will they become to us the
causes of crowns, and procurers of countless blessings, in that
God's wisdom turneth their plots unto our salvation and glory. See
how really no one is against us! For it was this which gave new
lustre to Job, the fact that the devil was in arms against him. For the
devil moved at once friends against him, his wife against him, and
wounds, and servants, and a thousand other machinations. And it
turned out that none of them was against him on the whole. And yet
this was no great thing to him, though it was great in itself, but what
is a far greater thing is, that it turned out that they were all for
him.
For since God was for him, even things seemingly against him all
became for him. And this happened with the Apostles also,
inasmuch as both the Jews, and they of the Gentiles, and false
brethren, and rulers, and peoples, and famines, and poverty, and ten
thousand things were against them; and yet nothing was against
them. For the things which made them the most bright and
conspicuous, and great in the sight both of God and of men, were
these. Just reflect then what a word Paul hath uttered about the
faithful, and those who are truly akribps crucified, such as not even
the Emperor with his diadem can achieve. For against him there are
abundance of barbarians that arm themselves, and of enemies that
invade, and of bodyguards that plot, and of subjects many that
oftentimes are ever and anon rebelling, and thousands of other
things. But against the faithful who taketh good heed unto God's
laws, neither man, nor devil, nor aught besides, can stand! For if you
take away his money, you have become the procurer of a reward to
him. If you speak ill of him, by the evil report he gains fresh lustre
in
God's sight. If you east him into starvation, the more will his glory
and his reward be. If (what seems the most severe stroke of all) you
give him over to death, you are twining a crown of martyrdom about
him. What then is equivalent to this way of life, being that against
which nothing can be done, but even they that seem to devise
mischief are no less of service to him than benefactors? This is why
he says, "If God be for us, who can be against us? Next, not being
satisfied with what he had already said, the greatest sign of His love
for us, and that which he always is dwelling over, that he sets down
here also; I mean, the slaying of His Son. For He did not only justify
us, he means, and glorify us, and make us conformed to that Image,
but not even His Son did He spare for thee. And therefore he
proceeds to say, Ver. 32. "He that spared not His own Son, but
delivered Him up for us all, how shall He not with Him also freely
give us all things?"
And here the words he uses are high-wrought meq uperbolhs and
exceedingly warm, to show his love. How then is He to neglect us, in
whose behalf "He spared not His own Son, but delivered Him up for
us all? For reflect what goodness it is not to spare even His own
Son, but to give Him up, and to give Him up for all, and those
worthless, and unfeeling, and enemies, and blasphemers. "How then
shall He not with Him also freely give us all things? What he means
then is much as follows; If He gave His own Son, and not merely
gave Him, but gave Him to death, why doubt any more about the rest,
since thou hast the Master? why be dubious about the chattels,
when thou hast the Lord? For He that gave the greater thing to His
enemies, how shall He do else than give the lesser things to His
friends?
Ver. 33. "Who shall lay anything to the charge of God's
elect?"
Here he is against those who say, that faith is no profit, and will not
believe the complete change. (i.e. in baptism see p. 349.) And see
how swiftly he stops their mouths, by the worthiness of Him that
elected. He does not say, "Who shall lay anything to the charge of
God's" servants? or of God's faithful ones? but "of God's
elect?"
And election is a sign of virtue. For if when a horse-breaker has
selected colts fit for the race, no one can find fault with them, but he
would get laughed at who should find fault; much more when God
selecteth souls are they that "lay any charge against" them
deserving of laughter.
"It is God that justifieth."
Ver. 34. "Who is He that condemneth?
He does not say, it is God that forgave our sins, but what is much
greater, "It is God that justifieth." For when the Judge's
sentence
declares us just, and a Judge such as that too, what signifieth the
accuser? Hence neither is it right to fear temptations, for God is for
us, and hath shown it by what He hath done; nor again Jewish
triflings, for He has both elected and justified us, and the wondrous
thing is that it was also by the death of His Son that He did so. Who
then is to condemn us, since God crowns us, and Christ was put to
death for us, and not only was put to death, but also after this
intercedeth for us?
For, "It is Christ," he says, "that died, yea rather,
that is risen from
the dead, Who is at the right hand of God, Who also maketh
intercession for us."
For though seen now in His own dignity, He hath not left caring for
us, but even "maketh intercession for us," and still keepeth
up the
same love. For He was not contented with being put to death alone.
And this is a sign for the most part of very great love, to be doing not
only what falls to His lot, but also to address Another on this behalf.
For this is all he meant to signify by the interceding, using a way of
speaking better suited to man, and more condescending, that he
might point out love. Since unless we take the words, "He spared
not," also with the same understanding, many inconsistencies will
come of it. And that you may see that such is the point he is aiming
at, after first saying, that He "is at the Right Hand, he next
proceeds
to say, that He "maketh intercession for us," when he had
shown an
equality of honor and rank, so that hence it may appear that the
Intercession is not a sign of inferiority, but of love only. For being
Life itself autozwh (Ps. xxxvi. 9.), and a Well of good things of every
kind, and with the same power as the Father, both to raise up the
dead and to quicken them, and do all besides that He doth, how
could He need to be a suppliant in order to help us? (John v. 19, 21,
36.) He that of His own power set free those who were given over and
condemned, even from that condemnation; and made them
righteous, and sons, and led them to the very highest honors, and
brought to pass things which had never been hoped for: how should
He, after having achieved all this, and baring shown our nature on
the King's throne, require to be a suppliant to do the easier things?
(Acts vii. 55; Heb. x. 12; Rev. vii. 17.) You see how it is shown by
every argument, that there is no other reason for his having
mentioned intercession, save to show the warmth and vigorousness
of His love for us; for the Father also is represented to us as
beseeching men to be reconciled to Him. "For we are ambassadors
of Christ, as though God did beseech you by us." (2 Cor. v. 20.)
Still,
though God beseecheth, and men are "ambassadors in Christ's
stead" to men, we do not understand on that account anything done
unworthy of that dignity; but one thing only do we gather from all
that is told us, namely, the intenseness of the love. This then let us
do here also. If then the Spirit even "maketh intercession for us
with
groanings that cannot be uttered," and Christ died and intercedeth
for us, and the Father "spared not His own Son" for thee, and
elected
thee, and justified thee, why be afraid any more? Or why tremble
when enjoying such great love, and having such great interest taken
in thee? In this way then, after showing His great providence over us
from the first, he afterwards brings out what comes next in a bold
style, and does not say, ye ought also to love Him, but, as if grown
enthusiastic at this unspeakable Providence over us, he says, Ver.
35. "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?"
And he does not say of God, so indifferent is it to him whether he
mentions the Name of Christ or of God. "Shall tribulation, or.
distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or
sword?" Observe the blessed Paul's judgment. For he does not
mention the things that we are daily getting taken by, love of money
and desire of glory and the thraldom of anger, but things that are far
more enthralling than these, and of power to put a force upon nature
itself, and to wrench open the sternness of the resolution many
times even against our will, are what he puts down here, tribulations
and distresses. For even if the things mentioned are easy to tell up,
still each single word has in it thousands of lines of temptation. For
when he says, tribulation, he mentions prisons and bonds, and
calumnies, and banishments, and all the other hardships, so in one
word running through an ocean of dangers without stint, and
exhibiting to us, in fact by a single word, all the evils that men meet
with. Yet still he dares them all! Wherefore he brings them forward in
the shape of questions, as if it was incontrovertible that nothing
could move a person so beloved, and who had enjoyed so much
providence over him. Then that this might not seem as if he had
forgotten himself, he brings in the Prophet also, who declared this
before, a long while ago and saith, Ver. 36. "For Thy sake we are
killed all the day long, we are accounted as sheep for the
slaughter." (Ps. xliv. 22.)
That is, we are exposed to all to be evil entreated of them. But yet
against so many and so great dangers and these recent horrors, the
object of our conflicts is given as a sufficient consolation, or rather
not sufficient only, but even much more. For it is not for men, nor for
any other of the things of this life that we suffer, but for the King
(he
says) of the universe. But this is not the only crown, for he encircles
them with another besides, and that varied and manifold. Since then,
as they were men they could not have deaths without number to
undergo, he shows that in this way the prize is none the less. For
even if by nature it were fated to die once, by choice God hath
granted us to suffer this every day, if we be so minded. Whence it is
plain that we shall depart with as many crowns as we have lived
days, or rather with many more. For it is possible in a day to die not
once alone or twice, but many times. For he who is always ready
unto this, keeps continually receiving a full reward. This then is what
the Psalmist IIroFhths hints at, when he says, "all the day."
And for
this reason the Apostle also brought him before them to rouse them
up the more. For if, he means, those in the old dispensation, who
had the land as their reward, and the other things which come to a
close along with this life, did so look down upon the present life and
the temptations and dangers of it, what pardon should we find if we
deal so languidly after the promise of Heaven, and the Kingdom
above, and its unutterable blessings, so as not to come even up to
the same measure as they? And this he does not say indeed, but
leaves it to his hearers' consciences, and is satisfied with the
quotation alone. He shows too that their bodies become a sacrifice,
and that we must not be disturbed or troubled at God having so
ordered it. And he exhorts them in other ways besides. For to
prevent any from saying that he is merely philosophizing here before
having any experience of realities, he adds, "we are accounted as
sheep for the slaughter," meaning the daily deaths of the Apostles.
You see his courage and his goodness. For as they, he means, when
slaughtered make no resistance, so neither do we. But since the
feebleness of the mind of man, even after so great things, was afraid
of the multitude of temptations, see how he again rouses the hearer,
and gives him a lofty and exulting spirit, by saying, Ver. 37.
"Nay, in
all these things we are more than conquerors through Him that loved
US."
For what is indeed wonderful is this, not that we are conquerors
only, but that we are so by the very things meant as plots against us.
And we are not merely conquerors, but we are "more than
conquerors," that is, are so with ease, without toil and labor. For
without undergoing the real things, by only setting our mind aright,
we raise our trophies against our enemies. And with good reason.
For it is God that striveth together with us. Do not then be doubtful,
if
though beaten we get the better of our beaters, if driven out we
overcome our persecutors, if dying we put the living to fight. For
when you take the power and also the love of God into account,
there is nothing to prevent these wondrous and strange things from
coming to pass, and that victory the most advantageous should
shine upon us. For they did not merely conquer, but in a wondrous
way, and so that one might learn that those who plotted against them
had a war not against men, but against that invincible Might. See the
Jews then with these among them, and at a loss quite, and saying,
"What are we to do to these men?" (Acts iv. 16.) For it is
marvellous
indeed, that though they had hold of them and had got them liable to
their courts, and imprisoned them and beat them, they were yet at a
loss and in perplexity, as they got overcome by the very things
whereby they expected to conquer. And neither kings nor people,
nor ranks of demons, nor the devil himself, had power to get the
better of them, but were all overcome at a very great disadvantage,
finding that all they planned against them became for them. And
therefore he says, "we are more than conquerors." For this was
a
new rule of victory for men to prevail by their adversaries, and in no
instance to be overcome, but to go forth to these struggles as if they
themselves had the issue in their own hands.
Ver. 38, 39. "For I am persuaded, that neither death nor life, nor
angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things
to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able
to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our
Lord."
These are great flyings here mentioned. But the reason we do not
enter into them is, because we have not so great love. Yet still
though they are great, as he wished to show that they were nothing
beside the love wherewith he was loved of God; after it he then
places his own, lest he should seem to be saying great things about
himself. And what he says is somewhat of this kind. Why speak, he
means, of things present, and evils inherited in this life? For even if
a
person were to tell me of things to come, and of powers; of things,
such as death and life; of powers, such as angels and archangels,
and all the superior orders of beings; even these would be little to
me compared with the love of Christ. For even if a person were to
threaten me with that future death to which there is no death, to
separate me from Christ, nor if he promised the life without end,
would I agree to it. Why mention kings here below and consuls? and
this one or that? for if you tell me of angels, or all the powers above,
or all existing things, or all that are to come, they are all small to
me,
both those in the earth, and those in heaven, and those under the
earth, and those above heaven, compared to this charm. Then as
though these were not enough to set before them the strong desire
which he had, he gives a being to others again of like magnitude,
and says, "nor any other creation." And what he means is
nearly
this, even if there were any other creation as great as the visible, and
as great as the intelligible, none of them could part me from that
love. This he says not as if the Angels attempted it, or the other
Powers, far from it, but as wishing to show quite to the utmost the
charm he had toward Christ. For Christ he loved not for the things of
Christ, but for His sake the things that were His, and to Him alone he
looked, and one thing he feared, and that was falling from his love
for Him. For this thing was in itself more dreadful than hell, as to
abide in it was more desirable than the Kingdom.
What then should we now deserve, when he is found not to esteem
even the things in Heaven as compared with the desire for Christ,
and we set more store by things of mire and clay than by Christ?
And he out of desire of Him would take up with falling into hell, and
being banished from the Kingdom, if the choice between the two
were put to him: but we are not even above the present life. Are we
worthy then to touch his very shoes, when we have come to be so
far short of his largeness of mind? For he for Christ's sake does not
think anything even of a kingdom; but we think slightingly of Him
self, but things of His we make great account of. And would it were
of things of His. But now it is not even this; but with a Kingdom held
out to us, we let that alone, and keep pursuing shadows and dreams
all our days. And yet God in His love toward man and exceeding
gentleness, hath done the same as if an affectionate father should,
on his son's becoming disinclined to a continual stay with him,
manage to bring this about in another way. For since we have not the
right feeling of desire after Him, He keeps putting divers other things
before us, so as to hold us to Himself. Yet not even for this do we
abide with Him, but we keep springing off to childish playthings. Not
so Paul, but like a noble spirited child, who is open and attached to
his father, he seeks only after the Father's presence, and other
things he sets not so much store by; or rather, it is much more than
a child. For he does not value the Father and things that are His at
the same rate, but when he looks to the Father, he counts them
nothing, but would choose rather to be chastised and beaten, so he
was with Him, than to be apart from Him and indulge his ease. Let us
then shudder, all of us that do not even feel above money for the
sake of Christ, or rather such of us as do not feel above it for our
own sakes. For it was Paul alone who suffered in good earnest all
things for Christ's sake, not for the sake of the kingdom, or his own
honor, but owing to his affection to Him. But as for us, neither Christ
nor the things of Christ draw us from the things of this life; but as
serpents, or snakes, or swine, or even as all of them at once, so do
we keep dragging on in the mire. For wherein are we better than
those brutes, when with so many and such great examples before us
we still keep bowing down, and have not the heart to look up to
Heaven for ever so little a time? Yet did God give up even His Son.
But thou wilt not so much as share thy bread with Him, Who was
given up for thee, Who was slain for thee. The Father for thy sake
spared not Him, and this too when He was indeed His Son, but thou
doest not look upon Him even when pining with starvation, and this
too when thou shouldest but spend of His own, and spend it too for
thy own good! What can be worse than such a breach of law as this?
He was given up for thee, He was slain for thee, He goeth about in
hunger for thee, it is of His own thou shouldest give, that thou
mayest thyself get the gain, and still thou dost not give! What sort of
stone is there than which these are not more senseless, who in
despite of such great inducements, continue in this diabolical
cruelheartedness?
For He was not satisfied even with death and the
Cross only, but He took up with becoming poor also, and a stranger,
and a beggar, and naked, and being thrown into prison, and
undergoing sickness, that so at least He might call thee off. If thou
wilt not requite Me, He says, as having suffered for thee, show mercy
on Me for My poverty. And if thou are not minded to pity Me for My
poverty, do for My disease be moved, for My imprisonment be
softened. And if even these things make thee not charitable, for the
easiness of the request comply with Me. For it is no costly gift I ask,
but bread and lodging, and words of comfort; but if even after this
thou still continuest unsubdued, still for the Kingdom's sake be
improved for the rewards which I have promised. Hast thou then no
regard even for these? yet still for very nature's sake be softened at
seeing Me naked, and remember that nakedness wherewith I was
naked on the Cross for thee; or, if not this, yet that wherewith I am
now naked through the poor. I was then bound for thee, nay, still am
so for thee, that whether moved by the former ground or the latter,
thou mightest be minded to show some pity. I fasted for thee, again I
am hungry for thee. I was athirst when hanging on the Cross, I am
athirst also through the poor, that by the former as also by the latter
I
may draw thee to Myself, and make thee charitable to thine own
salvation. Hence also of thee that owest Me the requital of benefits
without number, I make not, demand as of one that oweth, but crown
thee as one that favoreth Me, and a kingdom do I give thee for these
small things. For I do not say so much as put an end to My poverty,
or give Me riches, and yet I did become poor for thee; yet still I ask
for bread and clothing, and a small solace for My hunger. And if It be
thrown into prison, I do not insist upon thy loosing My bonds and
setting Me free, but one thing only do I seek after, that thou wouldest
visit Me, Who was (or am) bound for thee, and I shall have received
favor enough, and for this only will I give thee Heaven. And yet I
delivered thee from most galling bonds, but for Me it is quite enough,
if thou wilt but visit Me when in prison. For I am able indeed to crown
thee even without all this; yet I would fain be a debtor to thee, that
the crown may give thee some feeling of confidence. This is why,
though I am able to support Myself, I come about begging, and stand
beside thy door, and stretch out Mine hand, since My wish is to be
supported by thee. For I love thee exceedingly, and so desire to eat
at thy table, which is the way with those that love a person. And I
glory (John xv. 8) in this. And when the whole world are spectators,
then am I to herald thee forth, and in the hearing of all men to display
thee as My supporter. Yet we, when we are supported by any one,
feel ashamed, and cover our faces; but He, as loving us exceedingly,
even if we hold our peace, will then tell out what we did with much
praise, and is not ashamed to say, that when Himself was naked we
clothed Him, and fed Him when hungry. Let us then lay all these
things to heart, and not be contented with passing mere praises
upon them, but let us even accomplish what I have been speaking of.
For what is the good of these applauses and clamors? I demand one
thing only of you, and that is the display of them in real action, the
obedience of deeds. This is my praise, this your gain, this gives me
more lustre than a diadem. When you have left the Church then, this
is the crown that you should make for me and for you, through the
hand of the poor; that both in the present life we may be nourished
with a goodly hope, and after we have departed to the life to come,
we may attain to those good things without number, to which may all
of us attain by the grace and love toward man, etc.
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