1. Introduction
It is a known fact that a precise definition of Orthodoxy as a Church is impossible, because “Orthodoxy-Church” is a Divine-human magnitude and, as far as its divine element is concerned, it supersedes every intellectual-logical conception. So, if we wished to somehow define Orthodoxy, we could say the following: Orthodoxy is the presence of the Uncreated in the world and in History, and the potential of the created to become sanctified and attain theosis. A (Christian) Deismus: “Deus Creator, sed non Gubernator” (A God Creator, but not Governor) – is a pure delusion, orthodoxically speaking. The Time-less and supra-Time element is constantly within the world and within Time, so that it may sanctify Time and transform it into the Time of the divine Kingdom, into eternity (see the words of the Apostle Paul: “It is necessary for this perishable thing to clothe itself with imperishability, and this mortal thing to clothe itself with immortality” – Cor.I, 15:53).
2. Faith
It is understood that Orthodoxy is always
closely linked to faith. Thus, we speak of the “right and true faith”, in
order to distinguish it from the “adulterated faith”. Orthodoxy is the
true glory and glorification of God – the genuine notion of God – while a
heresy is a manufactured glory, a morbid glorification of God. Orthodoxy
and heresy thus confront each other in the area of Faith, and that is exactly
where they diversify. What, therefore, is “faith” and how is it perceived in
the life of the Church as the Body of Christ?
First of all, “faith” in the language of
theology signifies divine revelation; it is that which is revealed to Man, by
God – it is the content of the revealed, Divine Truth (Fides quae
creditur). However, Divine Revelation is not an abstract thing, that is
to say, a collection of intellectually conceived truths, ideas and basic
positions that Man is called upon to accept, in order to be saved. Such is the
Scholastic view of faith, which has infiltrated our Dogmatics also. The
Truth of the Church is a Person; it is the incarnated Son and Logos of God; it
is the incarnate All-Truth. It is the Person of our Lord Jesus
Christ. The unknown and inapproachable God became (and continues to
become) known, ever since the beginning of Creation, in Christ. In other words,
God discloses Himself; He is self-revealed, “in multilateral and resourceful
ways” (Hebrews 1:1), the culmination being His self-revelation “in the Son” –
the incarnation of His Son – which was the prerequisite for the event of the
Pentecost, for the sake of which Creation (according to the Saints) was
“composed”. The Pentecost is God’s supreme revelation in the Holy Spirit, and
Man’s experience within History.
Christ, as a God-Human, is in a certain way the
“objective” faith, which is offered “from above”, so that we may come to know
God “in Himself” (see John 14:9 – ‘whomsoever has seen Me, has seen the
Father’). He is our “hypostatic” (=personal) faith, according to Saint
Maximus the Confessor. We become “faithful”, by participating in that
personal and incarnated Faith (=Christ). Only in Christ can there be a
possibility to know the true God. And that is what establishes
Orthodoxy’s uniqueness and exclusivity, in the event known as “Salvation”.
(Acts, 4:12)
To the revealed Faith, which is “accredited” to
Man for his salvation, Man reciprocates with his own (subjective) Faith (Fides
qua creditur). Man’s faith is absolutely essential, in order for God’s
power to function inside Man; to lead him to salvation. Its significance is
stressed by Christ Himself: “Whosoever believes and is baptized shall be
saved; whosoever disbelieves shall be reproached.” (Mark 16:16).
The “objective” Faith must necessarily be transformed into Man’s “subjective”
Faith, for his salvation. And that is effected, through the “indwelling”
(Rom.8:9 ‘…if the Spirit of God dwells within you …’) of the “objective” Faith;
in other words, the indwelling of the Uncreated inside the created; of God
inside Man. Man is invited by Christ to become “faithful”, to be
receptive of the revealed-in-Christ Truth as a “life in Christ”, and to live
that Truth, so that he too may become “true”, just as Christ is “the true One”
(John I, 5:20). Man’s salvation is when he is rendered “true”, and the
prerequisite for this, is his union with the true God.
A faith that is Orthodox is the one that acts
soteriologically. And that is the precise point where heresy
differentiates itself from Orthodoxy. “Heresy” is the adulteration of the
faith and its retraction at the same time, because it is adulterating the faith
in two directions: on the one hand, with regard to the “believed” (Christ) and
on the other, with regard to its manner of accepting Christ. In a heresy,
Christ is segmented and is accepted, not in whole but segmentally, by a
segmented – not whole – person, because He is approached only by Man’s
intellect and his lips, while the heart and Man’s entire existence is “a long
way off” from God (Matthew 15:8). A heresy (every heresy) is not only a
false teaching; it is literally a non-Orthodoxy and a non-Christianity.
By approaching the matter in this way, we disentangle ourselves from the
confessional disagreements of the past and their scholastic terminology.
After all, what is of primary concern is not how false a teaching might be, but
whether it is capable of healing Man (as fr. Romanides used to teach); whether
it is capable of saving him.
Thus, one could say in conclusion – with regard
to the process of the event called “faith” – that faith begins as a
logical-intellectual process, in the sense of an external affirmation by Man,
progressing as an acceptance of God’s offer and a loyalty towards Him, to be
fulfilled however, with an internal certainty and cognizance of God, in
Christ. These are the exact basic meanings –linguistically – contained in
the term “faith” (pistis) in the Greek language, the language of the
Gospels: em-pisto-syni (trust), pisto-tita (fidelity, faithfulness),
vevaiotita (certainty, confidence). Further along, we shall attempt –
from within our Philokalian (ascetic-neptic) tradition – to elucidate these
meanings, in order to comprehend as much as we can the function of faith as a
factor of salvation.
3. The “first” faith – the “simple” faith
– or, the “faith through hearing”
Jesus Christ – the eternal Logos of God –
teaches mankind throughout all the ages, revealing through His teaching the
path to Salvation. This was already taking place in the Old Testament, through
His “mouths” – the Prophets. But it also took place after His incarnation,
through His own most holy mouth, and continues to take place historically, with
His Apostles and the Saintly Fathers and Mothers, through “to the end of Time”
(Matthew, 28:20).
Man’s stance, which is characterized by his
reply/response to God’s calling, is, in the worst case a denial-rejection of
God’s offer, and in the best case it is our trust in Him. Given that
Christ acts in History as “the Physician of our souls and our bodies” (from the
Divine Liturgy), we could say that this applies in the case of every Physician:
either one shows trust in him and obeys the doctor’s orders and is cured, or,
he violates his orders and dies. This first “faith”, in the form of trust, is
the trust that originates “through hearing” of a sermon and is a necessary
prerequisite for the cognizance of God (see Romans 10:17: ‘…faith through
hearing, and hearing, through the word of God’).
This first faith of Man is linked to his
natural knowledge, which has intellect/ logic as its instrument. There
are two kinds of faith, but also two kinds of knowledge/cognizance; at the same
time, there are two instruments for each type of knowledge; i.e., for the
cognizance of God and the cognizance of the world. That is what was stated by
Saint Isaac the Syrian, a major ascetic of the Church: “It is one knowledge,
which has faith as its prerequisite, and another, which is born of faith. The
former is a natural knowledge, while the latter is a spiritual
knowledge.” With natural-logical knowledge (albeit it, too, is a gift of
God), we can discern between good and evil. But how doe natural knowledge lead
us to Faith? According to the Apostle Paul, it turns Man towards God,
through Creation (Romans 1:20). The divine path, however, is the one of
teaching and of miracles – the “divine signs”. The teaching and the miracles
of Christ orientated Man’s natural knowledge, in order to arouse the “first”
faith. For instance, when Christ fed the “five thousand” in the desert, the
people, on seeing the miracle that Christ performed, exclaimed: “this man is
truly the prophet who was to come into the world” (John 6:14). In another
place, John the Evangelist observes: “Thus, Jesus had performed many and other
signs before His disciples, which are not recorded in this book. These however
have been recorded, so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ (the
anointed One), the Son of God, and in believing, you shall have eternal life in
His name” (John 20:30-31). But even Christ Himself would say to the Judeans:
“and even if you do not believe me, then believe through (my) Labors, so that
you might know and discover that the Father is in Me and I am in the Father”
(John 10:38). And: “They told you, and you did not believe. The
acts that I do in the name of my Father, they testify about me”. (John 10:25)
Christ’s words and actions are being repeated,
by His Saints, during every moment of History, and they are what arouses Man’s
faith. Only the “rough-necked and uncircumcised in the heart and ears” (Acts
7:51) – the Pharisees of every era – reject God’s calling for salvation. The
toughening and the callousness of the heart is the spiritual death of Man. In a
situation such as that, Man is rendered incapable of accepting God’s Grace.
The “simple” faith alone, as a logical
acceptance of the divine truth, is naturally insufficient for salvation; the devil
and the demons also possess a similar kind of faith. According to Saint James,
the “brother” of Christ, “Where is the benefit, if one says he has faith, but
shows no Labors? Can his faith save him? (he is referring here to the “first”
faith; i.e., if he were to stop there). Even the demons believe, and they
shudder.” (James 2:14-19) The first faith contributes towards salvation,
when, according to the same Apostle, it has “Labors” to show for it.
Labors of faith constitute the enacted sequel of a person’s belief in Christ;
in other words, they represent his trust and his obedience in Christ – his
recognition of Christ as Saviour.
But what are those Labors that the first faith
gives birth to? Saint Simeon the Theologian (10th–11th- century) speaks
of the “virtues” that are born of the first faith: “Faith in God gives birth to
the desire for good things and the fear of condemnation. The desire for
good and the fear of condemnation lead to a precise observation of the
commandments. The observation of commandments on the other hand, will reveal
the human weaknesses. The awareness of one’s weaknesses will give birth to the
remembrance of death. However, he who has reached the stage of having that
remembrance of death as his living companion will hasten to discover what his
situation will be, after death. But whoever does concern himself with
learning something about what happens after death, abstains from the pleasures
of this life. Because if he becomes attached to even one of them, he will be
incapable of attaining complete knowledge.” Virtues that are born of the
first faith are in an inter-dependent relationship between themselves, because
the one produces the other. According to Saint Maximus the Confessor: “Whoever
has the Lord in his thoughts, maintains a fear of Hell. By remaining afraid of
Hell, he keeps himself at a distance from passions. Whoever keeps himself away
from passions, will tolerate the ordeals of life. By tolerating the
ordeals of life, he acquires a hope in God. He who has his hope in God,
distracts his mind from everything terrestrial, in other words, he attains
apathy (a-pathos = passion-less). And when Man distracts his mind from
everything terrestrial, he acquires divine love.”
We must point out here that the confusion that
ensued in the West regarding the relationship between faith and labors, is, in
the Patristic tradition, nonexistent. In the New Testament, James speaks of the
first faith, which must be complemented by labors of salvation. But Paul speaks
mainly of the second faith, which we shall talk about, further on. This
faith is the fruit of the Holy Spirit, inside the heart. Let us return to the
first faith for now:
The labors of the first faith are of a
therapeutic character, and they act as spiritual medicines for the
healing/restoration of the human existence, in its communion with God. The
“labors of the law” – which is essentially Paul’s sermon to the Romans –
cannot, on their own, earn any recompense (reward: Luke 17:10), nor can they
save Man. For example, the Pharisees had labors of the law to show, but they
could not be saved, because they were not “pure of heart”. The catharsis
(cleansing) of the heart is a prerequisite for the cognizance of God. “Blessed
are the pure in heart, for they shall look upon God” (Matthew 5:8). The
criterion, therefore, that evaluates the first faith, is that it leads to the
cleansing of the heart. That is why faith is subjected to monitoring, exactly
like a therapeutic, medical method is proven correct, when it leads a person to
being cured. And here, again, the difference between Orthodoxy and
non-Orthodoxy is evident. Non-Orthodoxy (heresy) does not lead – cannot
lead – Man to becoming cured, because it does not possess the “medicines”
required for salvation. These “medicines” are the proper teaching of the Bible
and the dogmas (decisions) of the Ecumenical Synods, which are nothing more
than the recording of the experiences of the Saints on the matter of
salvation. The dogmas of the Church provide the faith that saves, and
they determine the course of the faithful person towards salvation. That is why
the Saints throughout the ages struggled to the death for the preservation of
the purity of the dogmas, just like genuine Physicians struggle for the
preservation of a therapeutic method. Adulterated dogmas do not save, and
this, again, is where the tragedy of heresies becomes apparent. Their dogmas
are adulterated medicines that are lethal for Man, and lead to eternal
destruction. And that is the reason the Saints are afraid, not of sin, but of
heresy.
This also explains a historical practice, which
is often misconstrued. Heresy, as maintained by fr. John Romanides, was
regarded by the Christian State (in “Byzantium”) as an adulterated medication,
as it contains poisonous teaching. That is why heretics’ books (but not
the heretics themselves!) were often burnt (that is, destroyed) in the Orthodox
East… the way that any justly governed State is obliged to destroy any
medication that endangers the lives of its citizens, and obstruct the
activities of pseudo-physicians. In this matter, it is not about
restricting the free movement of ideas, because Man’s very eternal existence is
threatened.
These are the prerequisites, with which our
Church to this day is struggling to protect its flock from heretical groups of
the East and the West, which are employing (especially in our homeland) an open
and provocative proselytism. Which is why we need the prayers and the support
of everyone.
4. The “perfect” faith – the indwelling (inner)
faith
The first faith may not save, but it does open
the way to salvation, which is expressed by the perfect, inmost faith. This is
what is preached by our Saints, such as Saint Makarios the Egyptian (4th
century): “He who tries to believe, and to become united with the Lord, must
try to receive the Holy Spirit during this lifetime. That is why Christ came to
the world: to administer the Holy Spirit to the soul… But if someone does not
try to discover, here, from this lifetime, where the light of the Holy Spirit is,
and preserve it inside his soul, then, when he dies, he can expect to be
received by the place of darkness, at the left hand of the Lord.”
This faith is called “supreme”, “perfect”,
“inmost”, “originating from vision”. It is the faith that is linked to the
event of salvation, because it constitutes the certainty of salvation within
Man. The “first” faith is more of a human achievement – naturally with
the help of God. The “perfect” faith is the fruit and the gift of the Holy
Spirit. In order for someone to attain it, he must acquire the Grace of the
Holy Spirit. That is why the assumption of the Holy Spirit is the Christian’s
aim (ref. “receive ye the Holy Spirit” – John 20:22). The prayer of the
Orthodox faithful is: “Heavenly King, the Paraclete, the Spirit of Truth…come,
and camp inside us…”. Life in Christ, as an exercise, is called
“spiritual effort”, precisely because it aspires to render Man receptive of the
Holy Spirit.
Patristic references on the two-fold faith:
John the Damascene (PG 94, 1125C – 1128A)
“Faith is two-fold. There is the faith that
originates through hearing; for, having heard of the divine scriptures, we
believe through teaching…Then again, there is the faith which is the hypostasis
of things hoped for… As for the first, it springs from our conviction, while
the second belongs to the endowments of the Spirit.”
Anastasios of Sinai (PG 89, 76 CD)
“The upright faith is understood as two-fold.
There is the faith upon hearing a sermon, and there is the more certain faith,
which is the hypostasis of things hoped for. And as regards the one upon
hearing, all people are able to attain it, whereas the second one is only
attained by the righteous (the Saints).”
A living member of the body of Christ is the
one who has the Spirit dwelling inside him, with “unutterable sighs within his
heart” (Romans 8:26). This person is “faithful; he is “a temple of God” (Cor.I,
3:16). A spiritual person in the language of Orthodoxy is the bearer of the
Holy Spirit, and it is he, who truly belongs to Christ, as a genuine member of
His body. The Paulian distinction of “spiritual-natural-fleshly” person
is upheld by the holy Fathers also, when they refer to a person being
“according to nature”, “above nature” and “contrary to nature”. Saint Mark
the ascetic underlines this division, with the following words: When the
Nous is in a “contrary to nature” condition, Man is forgetful of God’s justice,
and he is in conflict with his fellow-man whenever they wrong him (the fleshly
person). But when the Nous is in a “natural” (according to nature)
condition, then that person discovers that he is the generator of evil
thoughts. This person confesses his sins to God and is fully aware of the cause
of his passions (the natural person). However, when the Nous reaches the
“above nature” condition, it receives the gifts of the Holy Spirit, and this
person knows that when he begins to prefer attending to bodily matters, he
cannot keep the Spirit (spiritual person).
The inmost faith according to Saint Gregory of
Palamas is the best of all proofs of God. “Faith”, he says, “is the best
of all proofs, and an improvable proof of a holy proof”, because it is
something that is experienced; it is an inner certainty. That is why logical
proofs of God were not developed in Orthodoxy – they were never deemed
necessary. The vision of God “theopty” is the direct and insurmountable
proof of divine existence and presence.
The perfect faith is frequently mentioned in
the New Testament, but it requires a knowledge of the linguistic code of the
Holy Scripture in order to be comprehended. Here are some examples:
John 3:16: “…so that every believer in Him
shall not be lost, but he shall have eternal life..” (‘eternal life’ = divine
Grace, divine energy. ‘believer’ = the one who has Grace dwelling inside him)
John 3:18: “The believer in Him is not judged”
John 11:6: “The believer in me, even if he
dies, shall live”
John 14:12: “The believer in me, whatever works
I do (=miracles), he too shall do, and even greater than these shall he do”
(see the miracles performed by the Saints, even during the New Testament era).
Paul’s address in his epistle to Hebrews (11:1)
is related to the perfect faith: “And there is a faith, which is the hypostasis
of things hoped for; the controlling of things that are not seen”. The “thing
hoped for” is the uncreated grace of the Triadic God. We are in anticipation of
the Kingdom of God, of His Grace. Furthermore, the “thing that is not seen” is
uncreated grace itself. The inmost faith becomes the controller, that is,
the verifying factor, of that which Man cannot see with his physical eyes. With
the enlightenment of the Holy Spirit, Man reaches the stage of “theory”, in
other words, the vision of divine majesty (the kingdom). This is what is
expressed by the other word of the Apostle: “…if….you believe in your heart…you
shall be saved.” (Romans 10:9). Therefore, this is not about a logical
faith, but a cardiac one, which is possible, only with the presence of the
Uncreated within the heart. It is in this context that Christ’s words should
also be comprehended: (Luke 18:8): “However, when the Son of Man comes, I
wonder if He will find the faith on earth?”
Today’s man could ask about the way the inner
faith functions. We shall reply, with a New Testament instance (Acts 3:1-8):
“Peter and John were going up to the sanctuary on the hour of prayer – the
ninth – when a certain man who was lame from his mother’s womb was being
supported, whom they placed every day near the portal of the sanctuary – the
so-called ‘fine’ one – so that he could beg for alms from those who entered the
sanctuary. This man, on seeing Peter and John intending to enter the sanctuary,
asked to receive alms from them. Peter looked upon him, together with
John, and said: ‘Look at us’. He turned towards them, hoping to obtain
something from them. And Peter said: ‘Silver and gold I have none on me; what I
have, that I shall give you: in the name of Jesus Christ the Nazarene, walk! …
And in a daze, he stood up and walked…”
Only those who are conscious of the presence of
the Holy Spirit in their hearts can speak like the Apostle Peter does.
Analogous moments are encountered in the lives of Saints (for example, Saint
Spyridon would go to his daughter’s grave and address her, with the certainty
that he would receive her reply). Why don’t we clergymen, who have received the
same ordination as them, dare to venture into similar actions? Quite
simply: because God’s grace is inert inside us. We are not bearers of Grace, we
are mere “transporters” of it!
The criteria of true faith and the outcome for
Man is, for us Orthodox, those proofs of theosis provided by God, i.e., the
relics of the Saints such as Saint Spyridon’s nowadays in Corfu, and the 120
relics in the Great Cloister of Kiev in the Ukraine. A heresy has no holy
relics to show: relics that are intact, miracle-working, and fragrance-exuding
(=evidence of theosis). Besides, a heresy adulterates the faith in two
directions: it either turns the faith into a philosophical system and ideology,
or, it absolutizes one’s labors –like the Pharisees did- and it leads into a
barren activism (=missionary labors without any esoteric rebirth).
But here is where we come to comprehend the
words of Saint Cyprian (3rd century): “extra ecclesiam nulla
salvus” (there is no salvation outside the Church). “Church” here is not
what is conventionally known as “Church” nowadays (even heresies call
themselves churches); “Church” is the one and only body of Christ. His words
signify: “Outside of the life, which comprises the way of existence of
that Body within History, Man cannot be saved.” The Church exists
wherever that way of life is preserved: according to Saint Irenaeus, bishop of
Lugdunum (2nd century), “Ubi Spiritus Sanctus, ibi Ecclesia et omnis Gratia”.
Wherever the presence of the Holy Spirit is perceived (Saints, miracles), that
is where the Church and all of God’s Grace is.
5. Points of conclusion
1) Orthodoxy exists, only where the
method for the perfect faith is familiar and is applied. Wherever the
path to theosis is unknown – even if the ground is characterized as “Orthodox”
– that is where a heretic way of existence is pursued and is consequently
non-Orthodox. Heresy, as a heretic way of existence, is oblivious to the
experience of theosis. Instead, it “religionizes” the faith (it seeks to
bridge the gap between man and God with the external-ritual media of a
religion). The religionizing of the faith refutes the faith, as does its
ideologicalizing. Heretics theologize intellectually, academically, and they
cannot discern between truth and fallacy. Thus, “Orthodox” is the one who does
not formulate heretical views, but the one who purifies himself, in order to
attain Holy-Spiritual enlightenment. According to Saint Gregory of Nyssa,
heretics show up, wherever “theumens” (enlightened ones) are absent.
2) The ecumenical dialogue would have
acquired a certain meaning, if it dealt with these problems and not with
“scientific” compromises for the purpose of seeking solutions.
3) Heresy is repulsed, not with violence
or with legal or police measures, but with the experience of Theosis.
Wherever this experience exists, there the Church exists. Unfortunately,
in contemporary Christian societies, the seeking of Grace is tending to vanish
altogether, and only monasticism is the area in which this seeking of the
“perfect faith” has been preserved. This is why only monasticism is left as the
continuance of Apostolic-Patristic spirituality.
4) The seeking of the perfect faith is the
criterion for the genuineness of the ecclesiastic Mission; because with regard
to the Missionary matter, certain basic questions are raised: What is the
meaning of the term “Mission”? What is preached by it? Where are non-Christians
invited? To which church? Which Christ? Are they invited so that they
might be saved, or merely to become the followers of a certain authoritative
circle?
5) Orthodoxy is not afraid of
persecutions, but only heresy, because only heresy can irrevocably harm the
Faith.
Orthodoxy, as Orthodoxy, gives birth to Saints
and thus remains in the world a place of sanctification and sanctity.
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